A General Treatment of Dynamic Integrity Constraints

This paper introduces a general, set-theoretic model for expressing dynamic integrity constraints, i.e., integrity constraints on the state changes that are allowed in a given state space. In a managerial context, such dynamic integrity constraints can be seen as representations of ``real world'' constraints and business rules. This topic has important practical applications in many business areas. The notions of (direct) transition, reversible and irreversible transition, transition relation, and consistency of a transition relation will be introduced. The expected link with Kripke models (for modal and temporal logics) is also made explicit. Several practical examples of dynamic integrity constraints will illustrate the applicability of the theory. Some important subclasses of dynamic integrity constraints in a database context will be identi®ed, e.g., various forms of cumulativity (which can be regarded as ``transitional'' inclusion dependencies concerning two di€erent ``points in time''), non-decreasing values, integrity constraints on initial and ®nal values, life cycles, changing life cycles, and transition and constant dependencies. Several formal properties of these dependencies will be derived. For instance, it turns out that functional dependencies can be considered as ``degenerated'' transition dependencies. Also, the distinction between primary keys and alternate keys is reexamined, from a dynamic point of view. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.